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A torque converter in modern usage, is normally a fluid coupling that is used so as to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for instance an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Similar to a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a substantial difference between input and output rotational speed.
The fluid coupling kind is actually the most popular kind of torque converter used in automobile transmissions. In the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or otherwise called Constantinesco converter. There are different mechanical designs used for always changeable transmissions that have the ability to multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is a version which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which could not multiply torque. A torque converter has an additional part that is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
Within a torque converter, there are a minimum of three rotating components: the turbine, to be able to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whatever situation and this is where the term stator begins from. In reality, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still allowing forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been adjustments that have been incorporated at times. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is considered necessary, changes to the modifications have proven to be worthy. More often than not, these alterations have taken the form of several stators and turbines. Each and every set has been intended to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Some instances include the Dynaflow that utilizes a five element converter to be able to produce the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Although it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch to reduce heat and to be able to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
